Article of Socio-economic under Sufficiency Economy Development
1. Developing Approach of Community Enterprise in Thailand
The notion showed the community strategic planning, which is done by preparing the many information. There is an importance to concerns with the various information such as household, primary needs, paying record, in debt record, creditor record both institutional/ organizational and capitalist record, human capacity and local wisdom or indigenous knowledge and the information of community leader. In addition does information its concern, they are also about the nature of production both agricultural sectors and non-agricultural sectors, the value of products/goods/ services per year, the feature of organizations or groups’ activities, the types of products and markets of community enterprise and the managed method. Methodology of informative collection may be obtained from public relation, collected from reality, organizations with concern, familial/group or organizational/institutional record, and bank of agricultural cooperative, surveying overall villages, participation and exchanging together, finding the outstanding person and the leader in each of the occupation. All these, may be done by the community member, community committee, volunteers, housing groups, local administrational organization’s members and community leader. 
In this way, the community economic development to strengthening community also, emphasizes the four important are, the system of community enterprise, the system of agriculture and ecology, the system of capital and security and the system of health. These are the process and the relation as a holistic, which depends together and establishes a living community to the sufficiency. The meaning of learning hence means a finding knowledge in any where and any people which has a knowledge and together creativity for innovative forever. The continuing learning will find the way of living, the method of managerial resources and channel of network to development in community enterprise with distribute the products, goods and services, which is a surplus to an external and might be to the global if it has more capacity and potential linkage. 
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Developing Approach of Community Enterprise in Thailand
Supwat Papasarakan
1. Introduction
Community enterprise is a small and micro-community enterprise (SMCE) that means the people in community (more than five) together with agreement to procedure community either they are juristically or not. It involves managerial cost including money, natural resource (i.e. water, land), culture, cost of production, indigenous knowledge and community confidence.
Managed cost dividing into the two purposive goals is general and optimal target that the first needs to create ability of self-dependency and self-sufficiency in a livelihood. The second needs sustainable development, and networking capacity both in national and global level especially in the grassroots economy. On this basis, it great emphasizes to generate income, capacity of family and capacity both within community and between communities to self-dependent economy. As a result, the small and micro community-enterprise also contains the components at least seven are (Institute of Community Enterprise Promotion. 2005: Website; Community Enterprise Act. 2005: Web Site);
1) Community owner and self-performance;
2) Production from community process;
3) Initiated and innovated by community;
4) Integration between indigenous and global knowledge;
6) Integrative system of performing and networking with the other activities;
7) Learning process as the main point and self-dependent as a purposive goal.
Developing community enterprise has the two main types of stages are following (Institute of Community Enterprise Promotion. 2005: Web Site);
1) Primary stage of community-enterprise, emphasizes the community in performing well in self-dependent and self-sufficiency economy.
2) Progressive community enterprise, capacity community in performing well to produce a product to respond a consumer- market both internal and external community with improving the quality, procedures, productions and the marketing for competitive capacity. These develop from the basic stage.
The concepts presented about an involvement between community enterprise and self-sufficiency system. Although, community enterprise is a process of activities to strengthen an economy at the grassroots, this also more interests in the simple way emphasize non-profit than maximization. It is differentiations on overlap and support with together continuing development from sufficiency stage to progressive stage and emphasizes a whole managed cost to balance between community enterprise and activities of self-sufficiency economy to strengthen in the grassroots level (Figure 1.1).
2. Features of Community Enterprise
Community enterprise is the process of generating income via self-reliance is an approach, focuses on local capacity to generate sustainable income, a mechanical aim to community empowerment with capacity to develop on a major of unique product of their own that also possesses strong characteristics attributable to each of the local areas. The term of product must be understood visually dynamic process. It includes services, value-added, environmental protection, traditional knowledge, tourism, cultures, exchanging experiences, and learning with the ultimate goal to be successful development of highest-quality local-products. These are the unique easily recognized and the potential to be commercially successful in the local, national, sub-regional and regional as well as international market. The process applies from the basis of the ‘Local Link Global Reaches Concept’ at the advance stage, it emerges the concept as the means for the new dynamic equilibrium between sufficiency economy, localization, high performance economy and the globalization to conceptualize the concept of balancing locality to the globality as the local link global reach.
There fore, community enterprise in Thailand so provides into two types. The first feature is the tourism including community identities (i.e. culture, local and community arts, tradition, and natural resource etc.,). This develops to the OTOP (One Tambon One Product) tourism for the village where produces the best quality services and products such as a travelling place. Second, the local or community products most are supported and promoted by the government’s policy and project in particular development of community enterprise. These aim to develop for sustainable economy of community, no have expect to Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) but also need to support the source of employment, self-business, and generating income. It uses the social capital (i.e. indigenous knowledge, culture, and natural resource) to mechanical producing of community. Thus, the product would come from community’s property (Ministry Office. 2003: Web Site) that aims to a community self-dependent. Community enterprise is also smaller than Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) (Ministry Office. 2003: Web Site). It means the enterprise as the community is their own goods, product, service, production, and whatever activities.
3. OTOP Project
The OTOP is One Tambon One produce, emphasizes the six groups from the community-enterprise’s products which are developed and risen the standard and quality to respond the market-needs including foods and drinks, clothing and garment, utensils and ornaments, art prices and souvenir, and herbals (Pinmoree. 2005: 5-8)
The structural of project has ‘The National Directors committee’ to steer implementation, established by Thai government since 2001. The function is to make the master and the operational plan, set the standard with selection and finding appropriate measurements and indicators for indicate the standard and quality of community’s products. Since 2003, there had the community enterprise’s products more than 10,000; about 438 were the champion to entry to the project (Thaitambon.Com. 2000: Web Site).
Within these structures, it has the sub-committee of project in the regional, provincial, and district level to support an organized community such as management, marketing, promotion, production, and quality and standard development. These involve a facilitating support from many organizations and government agencies including Department of Local Administration, Ministry of Industrial, Ministry of Agriculture corporative, Ministry of Commercial and non-governmental organizations. They react the government’s policy, which needs the community products to network a global by consider from the four frameworks include exporting capacity, continuous production, standardization and background of products (Institute of Community Enterprise Promotion. 2003: Web Site).
Undertaking the local link Global Reaches Concept, the products selecting are done by consider a capacity in production from supply side, demand side and capacity to export. The other considers a brand equity, continuing and consistency, standardization, quality and satisfied consumers. Selecting process from the province and district will be flowed to the national processes.
At the end of May 2003, there had the information of the number of products in each level from 75 provinces is including (Cabinet-Council Meeting. 2004: unpaged);
1) District level, grading products 1-5 about 15,507,
2) Province level, grading products 3-5 about 8,640,
3) Country level, grading products 3-5 about 6,932.
The champion product comes from the excellent and the best quality (Table 1.1). It will be distributed to department stores, large retail shops, community and retail shops by promotion of the government agencies, and Allied Retail Trade Co., Ltd (Ministry of Commerce. 2005: unpaged). These ways are trusted to be creating permanent markets for community products.
Following this concept, the categories of product are categorized from each type of local products for the OTOP project (which is the process to distributive products from local to the international market), by the organizations, which involve this project including sub–management committee, sub-promotion of production committee, sub-promotion of marketing, and the lowest local governments or TAOs(Tambon Administrative Organizations). The profile-base is necessarily for development planning of community enterprise through self-sufficient and community enterprise system.
The various features of group in the community could categorize from the main types of community’s group, community’s activities and community’s products that appears on following ground.
3. Community Strategic planning for Community Enterprise
Analyzing community enterprise for planning in performing local development in Thailand is discussed by integrate with the concept of organizational theory and used the information via participatory rural and development (PR&D) to organize the community strategic plan for poverty alleviation and community economic development. Viboonpong and Sriboonjit, (2003: Web Site) considered the aspect and the aim of enterprise that can be divided into the means for self-dependent and for adapt to the small and medium enterprise (SME). These will provide the results as the same goal of the enterprise what has the aim to generating income and self-dependent and to lead toward the sustainability.
Community enterprise in this concept separates the stages and aims into four levels (Viboonpong. 2003: Web Site). The first stage is self-dependent and emphasizes the sufficiency economy that has an aim to self-reliance and dependent on a socially encompasses. Community will have a sufficient livelihood, efficiently utility resource, familial happiness, reducible debt and cost and increasable income. This stage is more emphasized because it is the foundation to advance and stability on the next stages. The performance of community enterprise will occur to valuable livelihood, namely economic niche, sharing or exchanging together, traditional merit particularly offering food to priests and following religious precepts, chemical agricultural free, environmental or ecological harmonization, creative intelligent wisdom and enterprise community. The second stage is the production for generating income, aim to strengthening community and social capital utilization. The third stage is the production for income and profit, it needs to develop into self-employment and self-benefit. The fourth stage is the development to the small and medium business (SME) and aims to the community business to be privately.
The strategic plan for community development that was proposed by Phongpit (2003: Web Site) discussed about community economy in many level including the family, community and the network level. This presents the self-sufficiency and development to the advanced stage toward a various systems to be established with managed tools (Table 2.2). This likes the notion on above.
For example, the planning of Khou Kram Subdistrict, Moueng District, Khabi Province Thailand (Viboonphong and Sribunjit. 2003: Web Site), Master plan of strengthening community considers overall systems where concerns with the socio-economy of community including the system of food such as rice mill, factory of drinking water, Thai-sweet, meat system, pork, chicken and duck system, fresh water fish system, vegetable system and etc. The system of ware/ utensil or consume good concerns about the factory of toothpaste, wash dish, soap and etc, factory of animal food, fertilizer, bio-diesel and palm oil. The capital system includes the saving groups in a village and sub district, which hold on a security and a community financial join into this. The system of productions include the handicraft, weaving cloth and dresses, fishery in floating basket, soft shell crab, partridge, herbs, integrated framing, mushrooms, and the goat framing. The system of managerial productions involve with a ground of drying palm, palm oil factory, drying fish ground, fish sauce factory and the other factory that produces from a potentially resource or another products.
Those systems may start from the village and the community level with their own method base on a local wisdom, a relational kinship and a using social capital for finding means or the way out, which the private sector is not ability to do. Thus, it may be connected to the developing community enterprise (Figure 1.3) either has a wide or a small scope of area that depend on capacity of local people, communities and local governmental organizations.
4. Summary
In summary, Community enterprise undertakes the concept of local link global reaches, means community produces a product for self-sufficiency and distributes the surplus to the market channel. Either does the local, regional, national or international. This also able to balance between activities of self-sufficiency economy in all level (with the capacities of capital, production, management, resource, environment etc.,) and enterprise for create the strengthening grassroots economy, which is the outcome of the concept to be needed.
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